肉桂醛复合保鲜剂对南美白对虾贮藏品质的影响

为延长南美白对虾贮藏期,对8种天然化合物的抑菌和南美白对虾多酚氧化酶( PPO)抑制活性进行了对比试验,发现肉桂醛同时兼具抑菌和抑制多酚氧化酶活性的双重效果.经酶反应动力学分析,证明肉桂醛是多酚氧化酶的非竞争性抑制剂.采用正交试验,对肉桂醛、植酸和海藻酸钠进行复配比较,确定复合保鲜剂的最佳组分为:肉桂醛质量分数0.10％、植酸质量分数0.05％、海藻酸钠质量分数0.50％.复合保鲜剂处理可有效抑制虾体菌落总数的增加和挥发性盐基氮的积累;同时还可抑制贮藏过程中的脂肪氧化,对感观品质具有良好的保持作用,在(4±1)℃条件下贮藏期可达8 ～10d,明显提高了南美白对虾贮藏过程中的品质和货架期.     

白口铸铁机械性能研究及在农机制造中的应用(Ⅱ)

研究了变质处理和热处理两种方法对低铬白口铸铁的组织及机械性能的综合影响.结果表明,经变质处理的低铬白口铸铁,在铸态下冲击韧性最高可达6.9J/cm2;经950℃×8h退火后,硬度最低为HRC20.2;经920℃×4h水淬,150℃×30min回火后,冲击韧性最高为10.1J/cm2,具有在农机领域广泛应用的前景.     

自控新型增氧机具在青虾养殖中的应用研究

池塘青虾的正常生长需要一定量的溶氧作保证.结合已有的增氧技术,试制了带自控系统的曝气射流水车式增氧机,在青虾养殖期间对该增氧机进行了试验和监测.为此,着重介绍了增氧机的效用,测量了典型天气里无增氧机工作状态下青虾池塘的溶氧情况,探讨了自控系统在青虾养殖过程中的改进问题.     

糖类对南美白对虾肉玻璃化转变温度与状态图的影响

为提高南美白对虾肉(PV)的贮藏稳定性,研究了蔗糖、菊糖和海藻糖对PV玻璃化转变温度(Tg)与状态图的影响。采用静态称量法研究了25℃下PV和按虾肉质量添加10%蔗糖(PV-S)、10%菊糖(PV-I)和10%海藻糖虾肉(PV-T)的吸附等温线。采用差示扫描量热法分析了PV、PV-S、PV-I与PV-T的Tg和冻结点温度(TF)。分别采用Gordon-Taylor方程和Clausias-Clapeyron方程拟合Tg与TF数据,构建了虾肉的状态图,探讨了添加糖类对PV的Tg与状态图的影响。结果表明,PV、PV-S、PV-I与PV-T的水分吸附等温线呈III型,GAB模型为描述PV、PV-S、PV-I与PV-T水分吸附特性的最适模型。PV、PV-S、PV-I与PV-T的平衡含水率随着水分活度aw的增大而增大。aw一定时,平衡含水率随着糖类添加而降低。添加糖类降低了PV的单分子层含水率。PV、PV-S、PV-I与PV-T的Tg随着含水率增加而降低。相同aw时,Tg值高低顺序依次为PV-I、PV-T、PV-S、PV。根据状态图,PV、PV-S、PV-I和PV-T的最大冷冻浓缩溶液时的玻璃化转变温度T'g分别为-71.35、-64.76、-58.36、-59.36℃,与之对应的溶质含量分别为73.2%、73.4%、72.6%、73.4%,即非冻结含水率分别为26.8%、26.6%、27.4%、26.6%。添加糖类尤其是菊糖与海藻糖能显著提高南美白对虾肉的贮藏稳定性,延长其货架期。     

周氏啮小蜂防治桑园内美国白蛾技术研究

释放周氏啮小蜂对桑园内美国白蛾进行防治试验。一是放蜂数量与防治效果对比试验,结果表明,每667m2地投放3万头小蜂,美国白蛾的寄生率最优达到68%。二是周氏啮小蜂扩散距离所需时间,在越冬代美国白蛾老熟幼虫期和化蛹初期释放周氏啮小蜂,周氏啮小蜂扩散到50m、100m、150m、200m所需的时间分别为20天、25天、30天、35天。在第一代美国白蛾老熟幼虫期和化蛹初期释放周氏啮小蜂,花角蚜小蜂扩散到100m只需要20天,三是是周氏啮小蜂扩散距离与寄生率的关系,结果表明,离放蜂点越近处,周氏啮小蜂的寄生率越高,反之则越低。     

美国白蛾的生物学特征及防治措施

分析美国白蛾在我国发生、传播、为害情况及防治的必要性，介绍其在各个生长时期的形态特征及生物学特征，从检疫、人工防治、化学防治、生物防治等方面，介绍美国白蛾防治措施及应用效果。     

The cause of death of juvenile Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) reared in sea net cages

Although the survival rate of juvenile Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis (PBT) during 30 days after stocking in sea net cages has been as low as approximately 50%, the reason for this high mortality is not clear. The dead fish were collected and counted during 30 days after stocking in a sea net cage, and the growth performance, stomach contents, and bone injury were investigated. Nearly half (47.9%) had died within the first 4 days. The total length and body weight of the dead fish were significantly smaller than those of the live fish, and the weight of the dead fish did not increase during the first 7 days. Approximately one-third of the dead fish (21.9–42.9% per day) had ingested inorganic matter such as wood or Styrofoam waste during the first 7 days, and 25.0–45.0% of the dead fish sampled per day showed poor growth. The daily ingestion rate of inorganic matter decreased dramatically from the eighth day, when the daily mortality rate decreased. The percentage of dead fish with bone injuries due to collision or contact was low (less than 15%). These results suggest that one of the causes of high mortality during several days after stocking in a sea cage was accidental ingestion of inorganic matter by juvenile PBT. Improvement in feeding method can increase the survival rate of juveniles in sea net cages.     

连城白鸭睾丸生长发育规律的初步研究

为了更深入地了解连城白鸭睾丸生长发育规律。试验通过测定100、120、140、160、180、200、240和480日龄连城白鸭的睾丸长径、短径和重量等指标，比较分析连城白鸭各阶段睾丸重、睾丸体积和睾丸指数之间的关系，结果表明：连城白鸭100日龄至480日龄间的体重无显著差异，而100日龄至180日龄睾丸生长发育迅速，睾丸总重、睾丸总体积和睾丸指数迅速增长；180日龄至240日龄，睾丸生长发育相对减缓，睾丸总重、睾丸总体积和睾丸指数增长也相应减缓；240日龄后，睾丸的生长发育进入相对静止状态。表明了连城白鸭睾丸的生长发育较迟于体重的生长发育。     

Incidence of white striping under commercial conditions in medium and heavy broiler chickens in Italy

Several types of muscle abnormalities are present in the poultry industry as a result of genetic selection, leading to decreased quality of meat and consequent economic loss. The appearance of thin (moderate) to thick (severe) white striping (WS) striations parallel to muscle fibers on the surface of broiler breast fillets is one of the most troubling issues in the poultry industry. White striping also has unfavorable implications on visual acceptance, nutritional value, and processing traits of breast meat. The aim of this survey was to assess the influence of market class (medium and heavy birds) and genotype (standard- and high-breast yield hybrids) on the incidence of WS in broiler chickens raised under commercial conditions in Italy. The incidence of WS for both medium and heavy broilers was high (43.0%), with 6.2% of samples considered severe. Heavy flocks had significantly higher percentages of both moderate (46.9 vs. 25.8%;P ≤ 0.001) and severe (9.5 vs. 2.7%;P ≤ 0.001) WS than medium flocks. Considering the effect of genotype, high-breast yield hybrids exhibited a higher incidence of both moderate (40.2 vs. 33.2%;P ≤ 0.001) and severe WS (7.2 vs. 5.0%;P ≤ 0.001) compared with standard-breast yield birds. In addition, within the medium class, the occurrence of WS reached higher levels in flocks of males. The heavy class consisted of male flocks separated into 2 slaughter weight categories. Birds that reached higher slaughtering weights (3.8–4.2 kg) exhibited higher incidence of WS than flocks slaughtered at lower weights (3.0–3.8 kg) at a similar age. In conclusion, the main broiler genotypes used for commercial production were affected by a high rate of WS; hybrids selected for higher breast yields were more prone to the WS abnormality. In addition, severe cases of WS are even more prevalent at higher slaughter age and weight, although reduced growth rate is associated with a lower incidence and severity of WS.     

An investigation of a reported case of white striping in broilers

Market reports of white striping in broiler breast fillets have been increasing, which has generated concerns in the broiler meat industry regarding negative effects on consumer acceptance. This study was conducted to macro- and microscopically characterize the condition of white striping at varying degrees of severity on Cobb 500 broiler breast fillets slaughtered at 42 d of age. Carcasses of 2,512 broilers presenting white striping were slaughtered and macroscopically classified according to the degree of severity of the striations as moderate or severe; further histological microscopic evaluation demonstrated degenerative myopathy in both moderate and severe cases, but 75% of those breast fillets were classified as moderate. Typically, the samples classified macroscopically as moderate showed microscopic necrosis only (65.17%) or moderate multifocal necrosis (9.83%), whereas those classified as severe showed diffuse and strong necrosis (25.00%). The proliferation of connective tissue was not observed for either of the degrees of white striping investigated, characterizing this profile as an acute occurrence.